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1 IPS
1) Общая лексика: Identity and Passport Service2) Компьютерная техника: Importer Preprocessor System, Initial Palette Size, Internal Patching System, International Patch System3) Медицина: Identifying Patient Sets, International Patient Services4) Спорт: Innings Per Start5) Военный термин: Illustrative Planning Scenario, Imagery Processing System, Initial Production Series, Intelligence Production Section, Intelligence Production System, Internal Phone System, impact predictor system, improved processing system, incremental purchasing system, independent parachute squadron, inertial positioning system, information presentation system, infrastructure policy section, initial processing site, integrated power system, integrated processing system, Imagery Processing Segment (CARS)6) Техника: Indoor Power System, Integrated Pilot Shaft, Integrated Power Strake, instrument pointing system, instrumentation power system, interim policy statement, ion projection system7) Шутливое выражение: Immature Piece Of Shit8) Математика: бесконечно продолжающаяся последовательность (infinitely proceeding sequence), пространство со скалярным произведением (inner product space)9) Юридический термин: In Prison Soon, Inimical To Public Safety, Intelligent Pedestrian Surveillance10) Бухгалтерия: Interactive Purchasing System, Interim Payment System, Internet Payment Solutions, Internet Payment System11) Финансы: (International Payment Systems) МПС (Международная платежная система)12) Ветеринария: International Primatological Society13) Телевидение: датчик присутствия, датчик присутствия человека14) Телекоммуникации: Instructions Per Second15) Сокращение: In Plant Support (analyst), Inertial Pointing System, Information Processing Society, Information Processing Standards, Inlet Particle Separator, Institute of Pacific Studies, Integrated Power System (ship), Integrated Protection System (UK Royal Air Force), International Peat Society, Inward Primary Sorting, inch per second, iron pipe size16) Университет: Insurance Passport For Students, Introductory Physical Science17) Физика: Impulsive Phase Start18) Школьное выражение: Inverness Primary School19) Вычислительная техника: in-plane switching, Inertial Pointing System (Space), InPlane Switching (technology, LCD, Sony, Philips, NEC, Iiyama, Eizo, Dell, BenQ, Apple), набор протоколов Интернет, система обработки информации20) Нефть: improved plough steel, initial potential swabbing, initial production swabbing, island plant South, surface potential index, внутренний диаметр трубы (internal pipe size), начальный дебит после поршневания (initial production swabbing)21) Транспорт: Impact Protection System22) Фирменный знак: Imperial Pearl Syndicate, Intellectual Property Solutions, Intergraph Public Safety23) Деловая лексика: Implicit Price Support, Innovative Professional Services, Integrity People And Service, Intelligent Process Status, Invoice And Progress Schedule24) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: instrument(ed) protective system25) Образование: Тюремное управление Израиля26) Инвестиции: инвестиционная декларация (investment policy statement)27) Сетевые технологии: Internet Protocol Suite, image processing system, information processing system, интеллектуальное управление питанием, набор протоколов Internet28) Полимеры: International Pipe Standard, impact polystyrene, internal pipe size29) Программирование: Incinerate Power Supply, система предотвращения вторжений (см. Intrusion Prevention System)30) Пластмассы: Integrated Petrochemical Site31) Сахалин Р: Instrumented Protective System32) Океанография: Interplanetary Scintillation33) Сахалин А: instrument protection system, instrument protective system34) Медицинская техника: inspiratory pressure support (ИВЛ)35) юр.Н.П. Indian Police Service (служба полиции Индии)36) Химическое оружие: Independent power supply, Integrated Program Services, Integrated Program Summary37) Макаров: International Plutonium Storage38) Безопасность: Intrusion Prevention System39) Нефть и газ: ice profiler sonar, (Ice Protection Structures) ледозащитные конструкции, ПНПС (промежуточная нефтеперекачивающая станция; intermediate pumping station), ГНПС, головная нефтеперекачивающая станция, initial pump station, initial pumping station, ледовый профиломер-гидролокатор40) Электротехника: instrument power supply41) Высокочастотная электроника: integrated power systems42) ООН: International Port Security43) Должность: Individual Placement And Support44) Программное обеспечение: International Patching Standard, Interpreter For Process Structures, Inventory Of Programs And Services45) Единицы измерений: Images Per Second -
2 iPS
1) Общая лексика: Identity and Passport Service2) Компьютерная техника: Importer Preprocessor System, Initial Palette Size, Internal Patching System, International Patch System3) Медицина: Identifying Patient Sets, International Patient Services4) Спорт: Innings Per Start5) Военный термин: Illustrative Planning Scenario, Imagery Processing System, Initial Production Series, Intelligence Production Section, Intelligence Production System, Internal Phone System, impact predictor system, improved processing system, incremental purchasing system, independent parachute squadron, inertial positioning system, information presentation system, infrastructure policy section, initial processing site, integrated power system, integrated processing system, Imagery Processing Segment (CARS)6) Техника: Indoor Power System, Integrated Pilot Shaft, Integrated Power Strake, instrument pointing system, instrumentation power system, interim policy statement, ion projection system7) Шутливое выражение: Immature Piece Of Shit8) Математика: бесконечно продолжающаяся последовательность (infinitely proceeding sequence), пространство со скалярным произведением (inner product space)9) Юридический термин: In Prison Soon, Inimical To Public Safety, Intelligent Pedestrian Surveillance10) Бухгалтерия: Interactive Purchasing System, Interim Payment System, Internet Payment Solutions, Internet Payment System11) Финансы: (International Payment Systems) МПС (Международная платежная система)12) Ветеринария: International Primatological Society13) Телевидение: датчик присутствия, датчик присутствия человека14) Телекоммуникации: Instructions Per Second15) Сокращение: In Plant Support (analyst), Inertial Pointing System, Information Processing Society, Information Processing Standards, Inlet Particle Separator, Institute of Pacific Studies, Integrated Power System (ship), Integrated Protection System (UK Royal Air Force), International Peat Society, Inward Primary Sorting, inch per second, iron pipe size16) Университет: Insurance Passport For Students, Introductory Physical Science17) Физика: Impulsive Phase Start18) Школьное выражение: Inverness Primary School19) Вычислительная техника: in-plane switching, Inertial Pointing System (Space), InPlane Switching (technology, LCD, Sony, Philips, NEC, Iiyama, Eizo, Dell, BenQ, Apple), набор протоколов Интернет, система обработки информации20) Нефть: improved plough steel, initial potential swabbing, initial production swabbing, island plant South, surface potential index, внутренний диаметр трубы (internal pipe size), начальный дебит после поршневания (initial production swabbing)21) Транспорт: Impact Protection System22) Фирменный знак: Imperial Pearl Syndicate, Intellectual Property Solutions, Intergraph Public Safety23) Деловая лексика: Implicit Price Support, Innovative Professional Services, Integrity People And Service, Intelligent Process Status, Invoice And Progress Schedule24) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: instrument(ed) protective system25) Образование: Тюремное управление Израиля26) Инвестиции: инвестиционная декларация (investment policy statement)27) Сетевые технологии: Internet Protocol Suite, image processing system, information processing system, интеллектуальное управление питанием, набор протоколов Internet28) Полимеры: International Pipe Standard, impact polystyrene, internal pipe size29) Программирование: Incinerate Power Supply, система предотвращения вторжений (см. Intrusion Prevention System)30) Пластмассы: Integrated Petrochemical Site31) Сахалин Р: Instrumented Protective System32) Океанография: Interplanetary Scintillation33) Сахалин А: instrument protection system, instrument protective system34) Медицинская техника: inspiratory pressure support (ИВЛ)35) юр.Н.П. Indian Police Service (служба полиции Индии)36) Химическое оружие: Independent power supply, Integrated Program Services, Integrated Program Summary37) Макаров: International Plutonium Storage38) Безопасность: Intrusion Prevention System39) Нефть и газ: ice profiler sonar, (Ice Protection Structures) ледозащитные конструкции, ПНПС (промежуточная нефтеперекачивающая станция; intermediate pumping station), ГНПС, головная нефтеперекачивающая станция, initial pump station, initial pumping station, ледовый профиломер-гидролокатор40) Электротехника: instrument power supply41) Высокочастотная электроника: integrated power systems42) ООН: International Port Security43) Должность: Individual Placement And Support44) Программное обеспечение: International Patching Standard, Interpreter For Process Structures, Inventory Of Programs And Services45) Единицы измерений: Images Per Second -
3 ips
1) Общая лексика: Identity and Passport Service2) Компьютерная техника: Importer Preprocessor System, Initial Palette Size, Internal Patching System, International Patch System3) Медицина: Identifying Patient Sets, International Patient Services4) Спорт: Innings Per Start5) Военный термин: Illustrative Planning Scenario, Imagery Processing System, Initial Production Series, Intelligence Production Section, Intelligence Production System, Internal Phone System, impact predictor system, improved processing system, incremental purchasing system, independent parachute squadron, inertial positioning system, information presentation system, infrastructure policy section, initial processing site, integrated power system, integrated processing system, Imagery Processing Segment (CARS)6) Техника: Indoor Power System, Integrated Pilot Shaft, Integrated Power Strake, instrument pointing system, instrumentation power system, interim policy statement, ion projection system7) Шутливое выражение: Immature Piece Of Shit8) Математика: бесконечно продолжающаяся последовательность (infinitely proceeding sequence), пространство со скалярным произведением (inner product space)9) Юридический термин: In Prison Soon, Inimical To Public Safety, Intelligent Pedestrian Surveillance10) Бухгалтерия: Interactive Purchasing System, Interim Payment System, Internet Payment Solutions, Internet Payment System11) Финансы: (International Payment Systems) МПС (Международная платежная система)12) Ветеринария: International Primatological Society13) Телевидение: датчик присутствия, датчик присутствия человека14) Телекоммуникации: Instructions Per Second15) Сокращение: In Plant Support (analyst), Inertial Pointing System, Information Processing Society, Information Processing Standards, Inlet Particle Separator, Institute of Pacific Studies, Integrated Power System (ship), Integrated Protection System (UK Royal Air Force), International Peat Society, Inward Primary Sorting, inch per second, iron pipe size16) Университет: Insurance Passport For Students, Introductory Physical Science17) Физика: Impulsive Phase Start18) Школьное выражение: Inverness Primary School19) Вычислительная техника: in-plane switching, Inertial Pointing System (Space), InPlane Switching (technology, LCD, Sony, Philips, NEC, Iiyama, Eizo, Dell, BenQ, Apple), набор протоколов Интернет, система обработки информации20) Нефть: improved plough steel, initial potential swabbing, initial production swabbing, island plant South, surface potential index, внутренний диаметр трубы (internal pipe size), начальный дебит после поршневания (initial production swabbing)21) Транспорт: Impact Protection System22) Фирменный знак: Imperial Pearl Syndicate, Intellectual Property Solutions, Intergraph Public Safety23) Деловая лексика: Implicit Price Support, Innovative Professional Services, Integrity People And Service, Intelligent Process Status, Invoice And Progress Schedule24) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: instrument(ed) protective system25) Образование: Тюремное управление Израиля26) Инвестиции: инвестиционная декларация (investment policy statement)27) Сетевые технологии: Internet Protocol Suite, image processing system, information processing system, интеллектуальное управление питанием, набор протоколов Internet28) Полимеры: International Pipe Standard, impact polystyrene, internal pipe size29) Программирование: Incinerate Power Supply, система предотвращения вторжений (см. Intrusion Prevention System)30) Пластмассы: Integrated Petrochemical Site31) Сахалин Р: Instrumented Protective System32) Океанография: Interplanetary Scintillation33) Сахалин А: instrument protection system, instrument protective system34) Медицинская техника: inspiratory pressure support (ИВЛ)35) юр.Н.П. Indian Police Service (служба полиции Индии)36) Химическое оружие: Independent power supply, Integrated Program Services, Integrated Program Summary37) Макаров: International Plutonium Storage38) Безопасность: Intrusion Prevention System39) Нефть и газ: ice profiler sonar, (Ice Protection Structures) ледозащитные конструкции, ПНПС (промежуточная нефтеперекачивающая станция; intermediate pumping station), ГНПС, головная нефтеперекачивающая станция, initial pump station, initial pumping station, ледовый профиломер-гидролокатор40) Электротехника: instrument power supply41) Высокочастотная электроника: integrated power systems42) ООН: International Port Security43) Должность: Individual Placement And Support44) Программное обеспечение: International Patching Standard, Interpreter For Process Structures, Inventory Of Programs And Services45) Единицы измерений: Images Per Second -
4 Baird, John Logie
[br]b. 13 August 1888 Helensburgh, Dumbarton, Scotlandd. 14 June 1946 Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England[br]Scottish inventor of mechanically-based television.[br]Baird attended Larchfield Academy, then the Royal Technical College and Glasgow University. However, before he could complete his electrical-engineering degree, the First World War began, although poor health kept him out of the armed services.Employed as an engineer at the Clyde Valley Electrical Company, he lost his position when his diamond-making experiment caused a power failure in Glasgow. He then went to London, where he lived with his sister and tried manufacturing household products of his own design. To recover from poor health, he then went to Hastings and, using scrap materials, began experiments with imaging systems. In 1924 he transmitted outline images over wires, and by 1925 he was able to transmit recognizable human faces. In 1926 he was able to transmit moving images at a resolution of thirty lines per image and a frequency of ten images per second over an infrared link. Also that year, he started the world's first television station, which he named 2TV. In 1927 he transmitted moving images from London to Glasgow, and later that year to a passenger liner. In 1928 he demonstrated colour television.In 1936, when the BBC wanted to begin television service, Baird's system lost out in a competition with Marconi Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). In 1946 Baird reported that he had successfully completed research on a stereo television system.[br]Further ReadingR.Tiltman, 1933, Baird of Television, London: Seeley Service; repub. 1974, New York: Arno Press.J.Rowland, 1967, The Television Man: The Story of John Logie Baird, New York: Roy Publishers.F.Macgregor, 1984, Famous Scots, Gordon Wright (contains a short biography on Baird).HO -
5 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG -
6 Goldmark, Peter Carl
[br]b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungaryd. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA[br]Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.[br]After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.Bibliography1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).Further ReadingE.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.See also: Baird, John LogieKF -
7 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
См. также в других словарях:
frames per second — noun The number of times an imaging device produces unique consecutive images (frames) in one second. Abbreviation: FPS. The graphics are really choppy, Im only getting 12 frames per second … Wiktionary
5 Centimeters Per Second — Infobox animanga/Header name = 5 Centimeters Per Second caption = ja name = 秒速5センチメートル ja name trans = Byōsoku Go Senchimētoru genre = Drama RomanceInfobox animanga/Movie title = director = Makoto Shinkai writer = Makoto Shinkai music = Tenmon… … Wikipedia
24 frames per second — refers to the standard frame rate or film speed the number of frames or images that are projected or displayed per second; in the silent era before a standard was set, many films were projected at 16 or 18 frames per second, but that rate… … Glossary of cinematic terms
Images Par Seconde — L image par seconde est une unité de mesure correspondant au nombre d images affichées en une seconde par un dispositif. Plus le nombre d images est élevé, plus l animation semble fluide. La persistance rétinienne a longtemps été proposée pour… … Wikipédia en Français
Second Battle of El Alamein — Part of Western Desert Campaign … Wikipedia
Images par seconde — L image par seconde est une unité de mesure correspondant au nombre d images affichées en une seconde par un dispositif. Plus le nombre d images est élevé, plus l animation semble fluide. La persistance rétinienne a longtemps été proposée pour… … Wikipédia en Français
Second Life — Developer(s) Linden Research, Inc Engine Proprietary … Wikipedia
Second Intifada — Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Arab–Israeli conflict Clockwise from above: A masked P … Wikipedia
Second Avenue Subway — Planned route of the NYC Subway Second Avenue Line ( T , in teal). Overview Type Rapid transit System … Wikipedia
Second Battle of Bull Run — (Second Manassas) Part of the American Civil War … Wikipedia
Per-Anders Pettersson — was born in Sweden in 1967. He began his professional career in 1985 working for a local newspaper in his hometown. In 1990, he moved to New York and has covered major news and feature stories in over 50 countries, most recently in Congo, South… … Wikipedia